| The Palo Alto History Project |
| The KKK Comes to Palo Alto Homer Avenue at Ramona Street |
| The KKK Comes to Palo Alto Before the advent of movies, radio, and television, our country was more dispersed in a psychological sense. The mass media has given Americans a common experience, a shared culture, a common reference point. In our history shared experiences have brought the country together --- watching men walk on the moon, listening to Fireside Chats, cheering on Olympians, even knowing all the characters on The Simpsons. But the mass media has also been used to rally hate and intolerance (McCarthyism, Father Coughlin, George Wallace). One of the earliest and most despicable cultural phenomena driven by the mass media was the rise of the Ku Klux Klan. Before radio or TV, the silent movie was the nation’s most important cultural media experience and a 1915 film would prove just how important the movies could be. Although the Klan had its first life in the years following the Civil War, the KKK basically died out with the end of Reconstruction. Years later, the resurrection of the Klan was actually inspired by D.W. Griffith’s “Birth of a Nation,” a three hour film based on Reverend Thomas Dixon’s book The Clansman. “Birth of a Nation” painted a mythological, romanticized version of the original Ku Klux Klan. In the movie, the virtue of Southern Women is rescued by the Klan from leering, sexually animalistic Black men (white actors in blackface). The film is saturated with the worst sort of racial stereotyping and bigotry --- black legislators take off their shoes and socks and eat fried chicken manically in the state legislature, for instance. While many of the iconic images we now associate with the Klan such as white sheets and burning crosses were actually invented for the film on a Hollywood sound stage. The film was controversial from the start. In Boston, Philadelphia and other cities, race riots began after the film seemed to cast a spell on some northern whites. One white man in Lafayette, Indiana killed a Black teenager after seeing the movie. The newly formed NAACP condemned the film as “three miles of filth” and helped get “Birth of a Nation” banned completely in cities such as Chicago, Denver, St. Louis, Pittsburgh and Kansas City. But in the South, where a white population still harbored deep resentment over Reconstruction, the film’s imagery caught fire. Soon a new Klan was on the march. In the late teens, membership skyrocketed toward 6 million --- or one quarter of the eligible male population in the United States. And it was not just Blacks that were subjected to the Klan’s terror. Catholics, Jews, and immigrants were also on the KKK’s hitlist. And as the group gained in political power and took control of state governments in Tennessee, Indiana, and Oklahoma, Klan leaders attempted to spread their message to new parts of the country. In 1923, the KKK headed for Palo Alto. Initial Klan activity in Palo Alto came from a Texas graduate engineering student at Stanford University named Robert Burnett. A 1923 article appearing in the Palo Alto Times, reported on Burnett’s desire to organize a local chapter of the KKK. By 1924, two groups had been formed --- one at Stanford, including at least 7 faculty members --- and another in Palo Alto, said to represent a wide array of local businessmen. A woman’s branch comprising more than 50 members was established later that year. And although it’s now hard to imagine today, the Klan were not shy about making public appearances in Palo Alto. In August of 1924, for instance, robed Klansmen defiantly perched in the open backseats of 15 automobiles, were led by the Oakland Klan Band in a march down Alma Street and Hamilton Avenue. The event was witnessed by several hundred Palo Altans. In March of that same year, hooded Klansmen burned fiery crosses and initiated 31 new hooded members in a ceremony near Pitman and Katherine Streets, witnessed by some 500 spectators. The Klan also seems to have had some political power in town. Police Chief Chester F. Noble accused the Klan of being behind a residential committee’s effort to bring him down on charges of corruption. Responding to accusations of pocketing police money for personal use, Noble told newspaper men, “I know positively that this is merely a Klan fight against me. I have received regular reports of Klan meetings from two Klan members who have kept me personally informed. I know who the members of this organization are and many of them are prominent on this committee.” The Klan was likely retaliating against the chief’s recent anti-Klan crackdowns: According to a 1946 San Francisco Chronicle article, Noble had called for help from San Francisco police chief Dan O’Brien, who sent in “25 rookie coppers, dressed as civilians and swinging saps; the only Klansman who escaped a beating was a character who leaped into [the street] and broke his leg.” Noble had also dismissed a number of Klansmen from his own police force. And it was not only Palo Alto’s police that made it clear that they were not welcome in town. In February of 1924, the KKK was denied permission of commanding officer Lawrence Cook to use the Naval Reserves Drill Hall for a meeting in which official California Klan lecturer James Bronson was set to address the membership. The Klan was then denied the use of De Luxe Hall, as well, after the hall’s owner was spooked by a letter from Monsignor Joseph Gleason threatening a subsequent Catholic boycott. In the previous year, the Stanford chapter of the Klan had been denied use of all campus buildings by Stanford University president Dr. R.L. Wilbur, who at the same time, forbid the Klan from in any way associating Stanford’s name with a university-based KKK. Without an indoor venue in which to hold meetings, the Palo Alto Klan was often forced to gather outside. In August of 1924, for instance, a group initiation had to be held in a rather unceremonious vacant lot between Emerson and Alma Streets. Although the Klan had gained a toehold in Palo Alto, it did not find an atmosphere in the city ripe for exploitation. The Klan would soon move on. More than two decades later, however, the city worried over a second coming of the Klan. Local residents awoke on May 31st, 1946 to find a three foot high red-lettered KKK insignia painted in the street at the intersection of Homer and Ramona. Situated in what was then a small black section of town surrounding the AME Zion Church, Police Chief Howard Zink believed that the work was “done by an organization, not pranksters.” The symbol’s unfortunate appearance seemed a possible harbinger of some of the troubles that swirled in the Midpeninsula region in the mid-forties. The height of area Klan activity came later that year, when the Klan burned down the house of John Walker, a black man who had moved into an all-white Dumbarton Oaks neighborhood of Redwood City. But condemnation of the Klan in Palo Alto was swift and strong. Local op-eds asked the police to “arrest and prosecute the Klansmen” and urged local citizens “not to rest until we have found the Klan members living here and taken appropriate action.” A third Times writer warned that “by shutting our eyes to the first ventures of these un-American cowards at whatever level they operate, we leave the way open for activities that undermine our democracy and stain the fine community reputation we are so smug about.” The Ku Klux Klan would never again reach its heady heights of the 1920s --- either here in Palo Alto or across the nation (political scandals and Nazi support had led to their nationwide decline). And while there have been occasional incidents and Klan marches across the country since those days, the P.C. culture of the modern mass media probably helps to keep any resurrections at bay. The times when an entire region of the country could hold completely contrarian views on the issue of race have passed. With all the talk of our nation divided between red and blue states, the ideological divide in the United States today is actually far smaller. Television, movies, and the Internet have been great equalizers in dictating what is acceptable in our society and what is not --- and the Ku Klux Klan is certainly in the latter category. -Matt Bowling |
| Sources: Palo Alto Historical Association, Palo Alto Weekly, Palo Alto Times, San Francisco Chronicle |
| The Klan seeks revenge on blackfaced Gus in "The Birth of a Nation" |
| D.W. Griffith, the legendary director of "The Birth of a Nation." He is said to have regretted the impact of the film and sought to make amends with a later film "Intolerance." |
| A map of the SOFA (South of Forest Area) where the KKK insignia was painted in 1946. Zoom in and out with the + and - symbols in the top left corner of the map... |
| Palo Alto: Then & Now |
1946 |
| 2007 |
| The poster for "The Birth of a Nation" |
| At left is a photo of an unidentified man standing at the corner of Homer and Ramona where the KKK insignia was painted in 1946. In the upper right hand corner is the AME Zion Church, the first Black church built between San Mateo and San Jose. Today the intersection is full of construction, as a project is underway which will save the historic AME Zion church and turn it into offices. |
| Palo Alto's Police Chief Chester Noble blamed the Klan for the effort to bring him down |
| An illustration from Thomas Dixon's The Clansman. The caption reads "Take dat f'um yo' equal" |
| Reverend Thomas Dixon had no regrets about the resurgence of the Klan brought about by his book and the movie based on it |
| Another illustration from the book --- in which Dixon portrays Lincoln and the North as being vengeful and cruel victors during Reconstruction |
| The burning cross and ghost-like outfits of the Klan have become haunting images of America's past |
| R.L. Wilbur who helped condemn the Klan's attempted associations with Stanford University |
| The opening of D.W. Griffith's "The Birth of a Nation." Critics have long praised its cinematographic techniques while condemning its message. In 1998, it was named #44 on the American Film Insitute's list of the 100 greatest American films of all-time. |
| In "Birth of a Nation" black legislators are seen with their shoes off and eating fried chicken. |
